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The Effects of Prohormones on Athletic Performance

Prohormones, also known as precursor hormones, have gained popularity in the world of sports and fitness due to their potential to enhance athletic performance. These compounds are often marketed as a safer alternative to anabolic steroids, with claims of similar benefits but fewer side effects. However, the use of prohormones is not without controversy, and their effects on athletic performance are still a subject of debate. In this article, we will explore the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prohormones and their potential impact on athletic performance.

What are Prohormones?

Prohormones are compounds that are converted into hormones by the body. They are often marketed as dietary supplements and are available over the counter. Prohormones are structurally similar to anabolic steroids, but they require conversion by enzymes in the body to become active hormones. This conversion process is known as biotransformation and occurs primarily in the liver.

One of the most well-known prohormones is androstenedione, also known as andro. Andro gained notoriety in the late 1990s when it was used by professional baseball player Mark McGwire, who claimed it helped him break the single-season home run record. However, the use of andro was later banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) due to its potential to enhance athletic performance.

Pharmacokinetics of Prohormones

The pharmacokinetics of prohormones can vary depending on the specific compound and its route of administration. Most prohormones are taken orally, and they are rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Once absorbed, they are transported to the liver, where they undergo biotransformation into active hormones.

The rate of conversion of prohormones into active hormones can also vary, depending on factors such as age, gender, and liver function. For example, studies have shown that younger individuals have a higher rate of conversion of androstenedione into testosterone compared to older individuals (Broeder et al. 2000). This could potentially lead to different effects on athletic performance in different age groups.

Another factor that can affect the pharmacokinetics of prohormones is the presence of other medications or supplements. Some compounds, such as St. John’s Wort, can induce the enzymes responsible for the conversion of prohormones, leading to a faster rate of conversion and potentially higher levels of active hormones in the body (Markowitz et al. 2003).

Pharmacodynamics of Prohormones

The pharmacodynamics of prohormones are closely linked to their conversion into active hormones. Once converted, these hormones can bind to androgen receptors in the body, leading to an increase in protein synthesis and muscle growth. This is why prohormones are often used by athletes and bodybuilders to enhance their physical performance and appearance.

However, the use of prohormones is not without risks. The conversion of prohormones into active hormones can also lead to an increase in estrogen levels, which can cause side effects such as gynecomastia (enlargement of breast tissue in males) and water retention. This is why many prohormone users also take aromatase inhibitors to prevent these side effects.

Moreover, the use of prohormones can also lead to suppression of natural hormone production in the body. This is because the body senses the increase in hormone levels and reduces its own production to maintain a balance. This can lead to a decrease in testosterone levels, which can have negative effects on athletic performance and overall health.

Real-World Examples

The use of prohormones in sports has been a controversial topic for many years. In 2004, the NFL suspended five players for using a supplement containing the prohormone THG (tetrahydrogestrinone), also known as “the clear” (Brennan 2004). THG was not detectable in standard drug tests at the time, highlighting the challenges of regulating prohormones in sports.

More recently, in 2019, the UFC suspended former champion TJ Dillashaw for two years after he tested positive for the prohormone EPO (erythropoietin) (Helwani 2019). EPO is a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells and is commonly used to enhance endurance in sports. This case once again brought attention to the use of prohormones in sports and the need for stricter regulations.

Expert Opinion

While prohormones may seem like a tempting option for athletes looking to enhance their performance, it is important to consider the potential risks and side effects. The conversion of prohormones into active hormones can have unpredictable effects on the body, and the long-term consequences are still not fully understood.

Furthermore, the use of prohormones is banned by most sports organizations, and athletes who test positive for these compounds can face serious consequences, including suspension and loss of titles and medals. It is crucial for athletes to carefully consider the potential risks and consequences before using prohormones.

References

Brennan, E. (2004). NFL suspends five players for steroid use. USA Today. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2004/10/19/nfl-suspends-five-players-for-steroid-use/1767323/

Broeder, C. E., Quindry, J., Brittingham, K., Panton, L., Thomson, J., Appakondu, S., & Breuel, K. (2000). The Andro Project: physiological and hormonal influences of androstenedione supplementation in men 35 to 65 years old participating in a high-intensity resistance training program. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(20), 3093-3104.

Helwani, A. (2019). TJ Dillashaw suspended two years by USADA for EPO use. ESPN. Retrieved from https://www.espn.com/mma/story/_/id/26473244/tj-dillashaw-suspended-two-years-usada-epo-use

Markowitz, J. S., Donovan, J. L., DeVane, C. L., Taylor, R. M., Ruan, Y., Wang, J. S., & Chavin, K. D. (2003). Effect of St John’s wort on drug metabolism by induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme. JAMA, 290(11), 1500-1504.